Get brochures, research, and other resources for EyeDetect. Learn about the best lie detector to be released in almost 100 years. The eyes don’t lie.
Peer-Reviewed Publications (12)There is more peer-reviewed research on EyeDetect than any single polygraph protocol. |
|
|
1) Webb, Hacker, Osher, Cook, Woltz, Kristjansson & Kircher (2009) Eye Movements and Pupil Size Reveal Deception in Computer Administered Questionnaires. In Schmorrow, Estabrooke, & Grootjen (Eds.), Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience (553-562). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Conclusions: (a) Pupil diameter and reading behaviors are diagnostic of deception and (b) Ocular-motor measures may supplement or be an alternative to the polygraph or self-report measures. |
|
|
2) Webb, Honts, Kircher, Bernhardt & and Cook (2009) Effectiveness of Pupil Diameter in a Probable-Lie Comparison Question Test for Deception. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 14(2), 279-292. (Requires Subscription)
Conclusions: (a) Pupil diameter is a significant predictor variable for deception and (b) Pupil diameter may be a possible replacement for the traditional relative blood pressure measure. |
|
|
3) Kuhlman, Webb, Patnaik, Cook, Woltz, Hacker & Kircher (09/2011) Evoked Pupil Responses Habituate During an Oculomotor Test for Deception. Presented at the Society for Psychophysiological Research Convention, Boston. (abstract)
Conclusions: (a) Pupil reactions decrease in amplitude over repetitions of test questions (habituate) and (b) The diagnostic value of pupil reactions to different types of test items does not change over repetitions of test questions. |
|
|
4) Cook, Hacker, Webb, Osher, Kristjansson, Woltz & Kircher (2012) Lyin’ Eyes: Ocular-motor Measures of Reading Reveal Deception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18(3), 301-313.
Conclusions: (a) Reading behaviors may be used to detect deception and may supplement or provide an alternative to the polygraph or self-report measures in some field settings and (b) Relevant Comparison Test (RCT) accuracy is 85%. |
|
|
5) Hacker, Kuhlman, Kircher, Cook & Woltz (2014). Detecting Deception Using Ocular Metrics During Reading. In Raskin, Honts, & Kircher (Eds.), Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications. Elsevier, pp 159-216. (Requires Subscription)
Conclusions: (a) Ocular-motor tests for deception were 85% accurate in lab experiments and 78% accurate in a field study and (b) Ocular-motor tests were ineffective for participants with poor reading skills. |
|
|
6) Patnaik, Woltz, Cook, Webb, Raskin & Kircher (March 2015) Ocular-motor Detection of Deception in Laboratory Settings. American Psychology & Law Society, San Diego, CA.
Conclusions: (a) Accuracy rates on cross-validation were about 80% for guilty and innocent groups in lab experiments using discriminant analysis and (b) Accuracy rates on cross-validation were about 84% for both groups using logistic regression analysis. |
|
|
7) Kircher & Raskin (2016) Laboratory and Field Research on the Ocular-motor Deception Test. European Polygraph Journal, Volume 10, Number 4 (38).
Conclusions: (a) The Relevant Comparison Test (RCT) may contribute to pre-employment & periodic screening programs, particularly in government agencies concerned with law enforcement & national security; (b) Countermeasures are unlikely to affect outcomes; (c) Results generalize to US, Mexico, & Middle East populations and (d) Relevant Comparison Test accuracy is 86%. |
|
|
8) Patnaik, Woltz, Hacker, Cook, Francke-Ramm, Webb & Kircher (2016) Generalizability of an Ocular-Motor Test for Deception to a Mexican Population. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(1): 1-9.
Conclusions: (a) RCT accuracy was 86% in a large sample of students at a Mexican university and (b) Effects of deception on ocular-motor measures were similar in Mexican and U.S. populations. |
|
|
9) Kircher (2018) Ocular-motor Deception Test. In P. Rosenfeld (Ed.), Detecting Concealed Information and Deception (pp. 187–212), Elsevier Academic Press. (Subscription)
Conclusions: (a) Relevant Comparison Test accuracy ranges from 80-86% and (b) Effects on ocular-motor measures are similar in lab and field settings. |
|
|
10) Bovard, Kircher, Woltz, Hacker & Cook (2019) Effects of direct and indirect questions on the ocular-motor deception test. Polygraph & Forensic Credibility Assessment, 48(1), 40-59.
Conclusions: (a) Accuracy using direct questions is more significant (83%) than using indirect questions (60%) and (b) Accuracy improves when direct questions are asked using unpredictable transitions between question types rather than in blocks. |
|
|
11) Handler & Nacházelová (2021) Hybrid Polygraph and Ocular-Motor Deception Tests for Screening and Specific-Incident Investigations. In Pracana & Wang (Eds.), Psychology Applications & Developments VII (pp. 80-92), inScience Press.
Conclusions: (a) Ocular-motor + polygraph testing yields 86 to 91% accuracy, (b) Ocular-motor deception test accuracy is between 85 and 87%, (c) Pulse transit time is diagnostic of deception and (d) Pupil reactions are more diagnostic of deception than traditional measures in automated polygraph examinations. |
 |
| 12) Cook, Potts, Kupcova, Hacker, Woltz, & Kircher (2024) Using Pupillometry in the Detection of Deception. In Goldsmith & Papesh (Eds.), Modern Pupillometry: Cognition, Neuroscience, and Practical Applications, Springer Press. (Requires subscription)
Conclusions: (a) Pupillary response remains one of the strongest indicators of deception, (b) When pupil diameter changes are combined with behavioral responses in the ODT, the result is a highly diagnostic tool that can be used in screening and criminal investigation scenarios, and with a wide range of participants, (c) Early research demonstrates ODT is relatively resistant to effects of countermeasures. |
 |
Independent or Other Publications (11) |
|
|
1) Osher (2006) Multimethod Assessment of Deception: Oculomotor Movement, Pupil Size, and Response Time Measures. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Utah, Dept. of Educational Psychology.
Conclusions: (a) A computerized method for deception detection using measures of pupil diameter, eye movement, and response times was evaluated and (b) Subjects were correctly classified as guilty and innocent with 82% accuracy. |
[PDF] |
|
2) Webb (2008) Effects of Motivation, and Item Difficulty on Oculomotor and Behavioral Measures of Deception. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Utah, Dept. of Educational Psychology.
Conclusions: (a) Guilty subjects took longer to respond, made more fixations, and did more reading and rereading when responding and (b) Subjects were correctly classified as innocent or guilty with 86% accuracy. |
[PDF] |
|
3) Patnaik (2013) Ocular-motor Methods for Detecting Deception: Direct Versus Indirect Interrogation. (Master’s Thesis), University of Utah, Dept. of Educational Psychology.
Conclusions: (a) Subjects responding to direct questions were correctly classified with 89% accuracy and (b) Subjects responding to indirect questions were correctly classified with 69% accuracy. |
[PDF] |
|
4) Patnaik (2015) Oculomotor Methods for Detecting Deception: Effects of Practice Feedback and Blocking. Doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, Department of Educational Psychology.
Conclusions: (a) Subjects answering questions in block format (each question repeated four times in succession) were correctly classified with 83% accuracy and (b) Subjects answering questions in a distributed format (questions randomized) were correctly classified with 86%accuracy. |
[PDF] |
|
5) Potts (2020) 1, 2, 3 Crimes You’re Out: Ocular-Motor Methods for Detecting Deception In a Multiple-Issue Screening Protocol. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Utah, Department of Educational Psychology.
Conclusions: (a) The Multi-issue Comparison Test (MCT) has greater practical utility than the Relevant-Comparison Test (RCT), (b) Age and intelligence do not affect the diagnostic validity of behavioral or ocular-motor measures and (c) MCT accuracy is 88%. |
[PDF] |
|
6) Kircher (2021) EyeDetect Audio Multi-Issue Comparison Test (AMCT) Development and Validation Summary.
Conclusions: (a) Audio Multi-Issue Comparison Test (AMCT) is an ocular-motor deception test that presents questions audibly to subjects with reduced or no reading capability and (b) AMCT correctly classifies subjects with 85% accuracy. |
[PDF] |
|
7) Kircher (2021) EyeDetect Hybrid Directed Lie Comparison Test (HDLC) Development and Validation Summary.
Conclusions: (a) Hybrid Directed Lie Comparison (HDLC) test combines ocular-motor deception testing with polygraph, (b) Pulse Transit Time (PTT) components effectively replace the use of the blood pressure cuff and 3) HDLC accuracy is 89%. |
[PDF] |
|
8) Kircher (2021) EyeDetect Hybrid Multi-Issue Comparison Test (HMCT) Development and Validation Summary.
Conclusions: (a) Hybrid Multi-Issue Comparison (HMCT) test combines ocular-motor deception testing with polygraph, (b) Pulse Transit Time (PTT) components may replace the use of the blood pressure cuff and (c) HMCT accuracy is 91%. |
[PDF] |
|
9) Ambroziak, Smith & Mundt (2021) Ocular-motor Deception Testing in Civilly Detained Sexually Violent Persons: An Alternative to Post-Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Testing? Applied Cognitive Psychology.
Conclusion: Results support the use of ODT methods with at least 80% accuracy as a potential alternative to post-conviction testing of sex offenders. |
[PDF] |
|
10) Kircher (2024) VerifEye V4R Multi-Issue Comparison Test (V4R) Development and Validation Summary.
Conclusion: VerifEye V4R accuracy is 80%. |
[PDF] |
|
11) Kircher (2024) VerifEye V3R Multi-Issue Comparison Test (V3R) Development and Validation Summary.
Conclusion: VerifEye V3R accuracy is approximately 89%. |
[PDF] |
Converus (“with truth”) provides scientifically validated credibility assessment technologies that help protect countries, corporations and communities from corruption, crime and threats.